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'We can now start doing experiments to ask what is it that makes modern humans special.' 'It’s a definitive recipe if you like for making a modern human,' Pääbo said. 'Neanderthals live on a little bit in people living outside Africa today,' Pääbo said, making up about two percent of the genome of all humans that don’t originate from Africa.Ĭollating the genetic material of two related hominin species - the Neanderthals and Denisovans - and comparing it with sequence data of 25 humans, the researchers have triangulated in on a section of the hominin genome that is unique to our species. The Neanderthal genome data confirms that there was 'leakage of DNA' from these extinct hominins into modern humans. When Neanderthal and modern human populations crossed paths, they interbred too. Mounting evidence from genome analysis of archaic populations has indicated that the various hominin species mated with each other. 'For the first time we are seeing the home life of our extinct relatives.' 'Identifying inbreeding down to the level of what degree of relation was mating with who is huge!' Ross Barnett, a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Copenhagen who was not involved with the study, wrote to NBC News. It is possible, Pääbo said, that the Altai Neanderthals were 'such a small population that you’ve hardly any other choice.' There was also a lack of diversity in the genetic material which indicated that sex between closely related individuals within the Siberia Neanderthal community was a regular affair for generations before the girl's time.Ī close read of Neanderthal groups that lived in other parts of Europe would indicate if the practice of inbreeding was common across the species. 'We can see that the mama and papa of the individuals were very closely related - half siblings or so,' Pääbo said. Using techniques refined in the last few years, researchers extracted enough detail to create a genetic picture of the individual's parents. New insights into the Neanderthal genome comes from genetic material extracted from the toe bone of a female found in the Denisova cave in the Altai mountains of Siberia. While 'it is clear that the Denisova genome reflects some ancestry from people substantially different from Neanderthals and sub-Saharan Africans, we could really be looking at mixture from multiple different populations, with different histories,' he added. 'I wouldn't go so far as to say they have demonstrated mixture with Homo erectus,' he said. 'The paper is really just the beginning,' John Hawks, a paleoanthropologist at the University of Wisconsin who was not involved with the study, wrote to NBC News in an email. 'To me, it’s very satisfying,' Pääbo said.

This latest analysis, a culmination of nearly two decades of research, is the most thorough analysis to date.

In 2010, he led a team to publish a rough draft of a Neanderthal genome from a fossil found in a cave in Croatia.

Neanderthal genome work began in 1997 when a team led by Pääbo extracted DNA from a 30,000 year old Neanderthal bone found in Germany. The entrance to the Denisova cave where researchers came across a fragment of bone from a Denisovan girl's pinkie finger in 2008, and uncovered the Neanderthal toe bone in 2010.

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The full analysis of the Siberian Neanderthal genome is published in the Thursday issue of Nature. 'It’s an inference from those other genomes.'īy comparing genetic evidence of the Neanderthal female who lived some 50,000 years ago, with the sequence of a Denisovan girl published in August last year, Pääbo and team discovered a small but discrete signature of a much older species, which the paleoanthropologists suspect might be Homo erectus.

'There is not even a bone splinter here,' Svante Pääbo, a geneticist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, said of the unknown species.